Ryosaikenbo, Zoto, Soshiki, and Departures

Blog #14 and #15 - Ryosaikenbo, Zoto, Soshiki

Close along the lines of my final research paper, the idea of "good wives and wise mothers" (ryosaikenbo) plays a big part among Japanese culture. Comparable to the Western idea of a housewife, the term "good wife" could either refer to supporting one's husband or on the other hand, being obedient to their spouse. Growing up in this environment that the female half of the relationship is one that will support her husband, children often take this as an example and look towards their mother and/or father for gender roles. Identical to the Western Barbie doll, the Japanese rika-chan ningyo is a dress-up doll with ideal proportions that is used as a role model for little girls. They also include miniature household items such as kitchen appliances, sewing machines, and others. 

By modeling after their parents, children learn how to behave in a home environment. Mamagoto, or playing house, is a device used by children to learn how to develop. Much like the rika-chan ningyo influences girls growing up, magazines directed towards women in their twenties influence the way they think as well. Using these magazines, the beginning-adult generation learns the latest styles in order to keep up with current trends. Because the fashion models in these magazines are taken seriously, "most women long to be like these models, who are beautiful and well proportioned. This is why many Japanese women are afflicted with a 'diet syndrome'".

The idea of the Japanese Funeral is much unlike anything I've ever read about in the past. Consisting of many different parts, from the way a body is prepared to the cremation, the Japanese Funeral is an extremely serious and specific transition from the living to the afterlife. Influenced by Buddhist customs, the Japanese funeral is strict, but it is still influenced by Shinto traditions which emphasizes the importance of nature; that there is a god for everything whether it be trees, the seas, earth, of fire. Not comparable to our idea of good and evil, the Japanese are more concerned with the opposing forces of purity versus impurity. There are approximately 20 customs that correspond with the Japanese funeral procession. 

Zoto:
Our concept of gift giving is limited to really only Christmas, birthdays, and certain special occasions, however, the Japanese idea of gift giving goes much beyond that. "On New Year's Day, people generally receive hundreds of New Year's cards, and children are given money gifts." Also, gifts are given on trips to visiting homes and apologies. Even with the birth of an infant, gifts are generally given to the doctor and nurses.

1. When they are asked about their religion, most Japanese answer they are Shinto and Buddhist. Why do they belong to two religions at the same time?  Why don’t they think it’s contradictory?  Explain why you think so.
   
   The two can coexist peacefully due to Shinto not having strict doctrines behind customs. I think that each religion has their own benefits and when combined can create harmony.
   

2. Considering Zoto, "Public and Private" and "giri" have deeper relationships. Thinking about those two concepts while Japanese people do "Zoto", which scene of this film is a good example that "'Private gifts' that are not considered as important" (p.240) ?
   
   An example of a "private gift" that was given was perhaps the stone that the father and son had traded. It was less of an obligation and more of a gift from the heart that had more meaning personally.
   

3. Daigo was a cellist, but his orchestra was dissolved, and he takes a job as “Nokanshi.”  What kind of job is “Nokanshi”?  From the film, what is the general perception of this job? How does Daigo feel about his job? Describe the transition of Daigo’s wife perception toward his job.
   
   An encoffiner position. The general perception is that it is not a "wanted" job. Daigo was the boss' first employee and Daigo's wife even moved out when she found out what he was doing. The way Daigo deals with the family and how he helps them move on to the afterlife is one of the turning points as to why his wife turns around.
   

4. Japanese funerals have many rituals and customs.  In your opinion, what is the biggest difference between the Japanese funerals you saw in the film and the kind of funerals you have been to?
   
   Usually funerals I've been to include a wake where the body is laid out for all to see and to pay respects to. Usually adorned in a suit and slight make-up, it is much less formal than the Japanese customs I have read about and seen in the movie.
   

5. Movie---What does the stone that Daigo has mean?
   
   I believe that it is relatable to his relationship with his father. Big stone/little stone. 

5. Movie--- Was Daigo able to meet his father? What kinds of situation was it?
   
   I don't believe so. He had figured that his mother left because he was not a good man but that wasn't the truth at all.
   
6. What other Japanese key concepts do you see in this film? Explain what and why you think so.
   
   The only ones I see are zoto, soshiki, and Ryosaikenbo. Perhaps the Ie system due to the women catering to the men.
   
7. What did you learn about the Japanese culture through the film?  What do you think about the movie overall?
   
   The idea of a funeral is taken extremely seriously and includes many steps that show not only respect but ensure a safe passage into the afterlife. The movie was a tearjerker. Cried numerous times. 10/10
   
   
   

My Neighbor Totoro

As interesting as The Wind Rises seemed, I decided to not finish the rest of it but instead watch an old childhood film of mine (still have it on VHS), My Neighbor Totoro. I won't summarize the whole story, but the main characters are Mei, Satsuki, and Mr. and Mrs. Kusakabe. As far as Nemawashi, being a Japanese movie and also a Japanese concept, it can be seen in the movie. When the family was first moving to their new home, they stopped along the road and the father yelled across a rice paddy to introduce himself to the neighbors before they even settled into their home. He did this to establish a groundwork for a potential long and prosperous relationship/friendship.

I'd say there is a definitive separation of seniority mainly between Mei and Satsuki. Satsuki, being the older sister, naturally leads by example, however, Mei is frustrated sometimes due to the fact that she cannot do the same that her older sister can. The words, "wait up!" were spoken countless times; perhaps a metaphor for Mei's wanting to do what her older sibling can do already. As far as any conflicts go, I don't believe there were any. The relationship seemed to be very stable.

When looking for the concept of Iitoko Dori in the film, the only example I can think of is when Satsuki makes new friends on the first day of school.

Comparative Analysis Paper:

Comparing and contrasting the Japanese idea of perfection and the standards of American beauty (japanese and american beauty ideals and standards).

Key Concepts: Kisetsu, Bigaku, and Kenkyo

Thesis Statement: "The Japanese ideals of beauty are much less important and lead to less vain and narcissistic lifestyles. Priorities seem to be much more in check."

Format: MLA

Sources: Still working on them

You Must First Dig Around the Root

Blog #12

The three concepts to read consisted of Iitoko-Dori, Nemawashi, Sempai-Kohai. The first concept, Iitoko-Dori, discusses the importance of adopting outside cultures. Japan had an apparently good foundation for accepting Western technology mainly due to the advances in the cottage and financial industries. Japan is known for adopting various elements from foreign cultures and adapting them for their own use. This process of adaptation stemmed mainly from Japan's ability to adopt and accept different religions together, mainly Shinto and Buddhism. Emperor Suiko bridged the gap between religions based off of the principle of "shinto is the trunk, Buddhism is the branches, and Confucianism is the leaves. By following this, the Japanese were able to accept these new religions. The Japanese also have an exceptional skill to be able to "change their sense of values in a short time and with little difficulty, and in this way, it is possible for society to be productively efficient.

The next concept discussed is Nemawashi; "to dig around the root of a tree a year or two before transplanting it". In other words, laying the groundwork to establish relationships in Japan is much more important than rushing into things. The relationship between two people is so important that this "behind the scenes" work makes sure that no feelings are hurt and that no one feels uncomfortable. By achieving a consensus before reaching an agreement, there is a unanimous decision among everyone, and therefore everyone must agree to something eventually. Tying into the ambiguity, the nail that sticks out gets hammered down.

The third and last concept is Sempai-Kohai. Sempai meaning those who graduated earlier or "seniors" and Kohai means "afterwards". This hierarchy can be seen in the Ie system, with the male figure leading the household and everyone below him, except the eldest son which will eventually inherit the house. In schools, the younger generation will be expected to clean while the older students are the ones who get to play.

Memoirs of a Geisha Discussion:

I think that the thing that stood out to me most about the film was the fact that the father had given away both of his children in the beginning. There was no real backstory as to why itt happened and it was done in a rather hurried fashion. I believe it was this hurried exit that made me question the father's choice to give his children away into a "slavery" if you will. Sure, it is extremely possible that that the children wouldn't have survived, but I believe that the decision to care for a sickly and elterly mother was a poor choice compared to caring for two small children who ended up in what could be a much less favorable outcome.

As far as the Kimono, the fact that it took about 40-45 minutes to put on was surprising to me. It takes me maybe 40 minutes to get ready total and that includes making coffee and getting gas!

Memoirs of a Geisha

Blog #11 Questions --

1. In the movie, and I'm sure in real life, the Kimono was emphasized heavily. The way it was worn, the way it was tied in back, almost like a pillow; Wearing the kimono seemed to be more of a privilege than a right. A rite of passage. You have to earn the chance to wear it. Face painting was another one. Hair dressing. Dancing, musical instruments, and using a fan as a prop. It seemed to be almost like a ballet performance.

2. "Paradoxically finding beauty in the opposite". What is not perfect is more beautiful than that which is perfect. For instance, I would much rather see the trees losing their leaves than those that have full green boughs. The sight of seeing vibrant warm colors fluttering in the wind is much more beautiful to me than lively trees in the summer.

3. I think that for me I preferred it that they spoke English. Instead of paying attention to the subtitles, I spent more time focusing on the art of a geisha and the entire theme of beauty and art through dance.

4. There are numerous holidays for the changes of the seasons. Well, more or less for the actual events and the history behind them. The most striking example of a season/event that (kisetsu to me is the celebration of a day within a season that has some sort of historical importance) is Halloween. We put on outfits and go out much like how yukata/kimono is worn at Tanabata. I think if I were a Japanese individual and went to a halloween outing, I'd be extremely passive. It breaks the rule of uchi to soto completely.

5. If otogibanashi references both emotional and visual beauty, I believe that the act of the geisha embraces both. It is a connection with your clients, or perhaps the disconnection, and the overall beauty of the geisha's presence.

6. The concept of wabi-sabi as explained in the book talks mostly about aesthetic and morality. A certain emptiness. I came to the conclusion that wabi-sabi is more about the embracing of imperfections in order to gather a sense of beauty of everything. The beauty standards in the United States are warped. Skinny, fit, tan, etc., are all standard.

7. The scenes that jumped out to me as being beautifully imperfect were the scenes where Sayuri fell off the roof, where the house burned down, and when the chairman caught Sayuri and an American soldier.

8. Hatsumomo ended up causing a fire and was kicked out by the mother. I think that the relationship between the chairman and Sayuri was an incredibly strong bond. They both knew about each other for the entire duration and Sayuri's mizuage was saved for the chairman.

9. Pumpkin's life seemed to be more about revenge, as she brought the chairman with her to cause trouble for Sayuri.

10. The concepts that I picked up on were wabi-sabi (simplicity and elegance), bigaku, and gamabari (the willingness to do whatever to become a geisha).

11. The movie to me was fairly interesting. The progression of what it takes to become a geisha and the camaraderie (or lack there of) between "sisters".

Beauty and it's Seasons

Blog #10 - Bigaku, Kisetsu, Otogibanashi, and Wabi-Sabi

There are numerous "standards" of beauty in today's world, the most prevalent being outward appearance. One of the ways of going about this is through clothing. The Japanese sense of beauty, however, is more than just clothing-deep. As far as clothing goes, the Japanese have adopted a more rational sense of clothing, abandoning, but not completely, the art of the kimono. Wafuku, or original Japanese clothing, is decreasing as yofuku, or Western clothing, is increasing. Western styles of clothing are now completely natural due to the Japanese's want to become Westernized. Hogaku, or traditional Japanese music, is decreasing as well. Younger children going to school learn piano, violin, or guitar, but rarely study the traditional instruments like the koto, shamisen, or shakuhachi, a flute that is blown into from one end.

Although these traditions are dying out, albeit slowly, they are still prevalent in various ceremonies, omiai, or dinners at higher class restaurants; the kimono also being a higher class garb.

Being an art major, I can fully appreciate the tradition of Japanese art. Hokusai's The Great Wave off Kanagawa, is one of my favorite pieces. A traditional woodblock print with ink. "Japanese art focuses not on what is logically considered beautiful, but on what people feel is beautiful". This is a true expression of art. A common theme in Japanese art, which I see mainly as prints, include cherry blossoms and the representation of the seasons and weather.


Much like the United States, Japan has four distinct seasons; summer, fall, winter, and spring, but there is also a rainy season known as tsuyu. Because of this rainy seasons and for how long it has been occurring, it was embraced as an agricultural tool. Due to the wetness of the ground, rice could be easily grown, and still is. Also, because of the damper conditions, houses are raised and are also airier inside, reducing the felt humidity. Various foods are also eaten during different seasons. Probably why I crave a hot dog in the summer and chicken soup in the winter. A popular activity is hanamari, or flower-viewing. When cherry blossoms bloom, people will actually go outside to view them and bring along bento boxes, or lunches.

A popular way of passing traditions down are folktales. Much like Greek mythology, these tales often teach lessons, morals, or ways of life but also reflect the cultural norms. "When people read folktales they become connected to the history, traditions, and spirit of their culture.". These folk tales demonstrate the Japanese sense of emotional beauty, known as aware.

When analyzed as two separate entities, wabi and sabi, wabi is both an aesthetic and moral principle, where as sabi is designated to the beauty of silence, going back to chinmoku. The wabi-sabi principle is all about simplicity, as seen in Japanese architecture. It's focused on the true Zen Buddhism ways of empty space and quiet subdued colors. It is truly an elegance that is seen in no other culture.

Reflection:

I think that to say you're from a certain culture means to follow the ways of life, whether it be the footd you eat, your internal morals, or what you practice in everyday life. Why am I an American? It could just be because I vote but I attribute my culture to being able to express myself freely, follow my dreams (very cliche), and drink beer on Sunday.

Letters From Iwo Jima Response

Blog #9 - Iwo Jima Response

1. The Do Spirit

- One of the aspects that demonstrated the Do spirit that I noticed was the ever willingness to die for the empire, the emperor, and the nation of Japan. It was an ever-lingering thought in the back of the Japanese soldiers, and although some did it, some also thought more rationally about their families. The Chinese translation to "Tao" and "Taoism" is roughly "the way", more importantly the way of the warrior, as mentioned in the bushido chapter.

2. Kuri, as I'll call him for short (referencing the dinner party), I believe drank in order to relieve some of the "stiffness" that accompanies meetings between generals. It allows him to bond and discuss affairs more effectively with a looser atmosphere.

3. Shudan Ishiki and Hedataru to Najimu

-I'd say one of the main ways uchi to soto is shown in the film is the main conflict between the US and Japanese soldiers. When one was captured, he was beaten and eventually stabbed. General Kuri, known the Americans would show hospitality, captured one and treated him, demonstrating his different thinking of the uchi to soto. It was a foreign concept to the other soldiers, for they all wanted to dispose of the Japanese.

4. The scene I can think of that demonstrates the idea of Japanese group consciousness is the one where they commit suicide against the orders of their general.

5. The Japanese soldiers were taught that the Americans were "cowards", but in reality, the letter read "do what is right because it is right". I had a feeling most of the soldiers wanted to follow this (especially the one who was discharged), but obeyed their countries orders more.

6. Bushido is demonstrated when the officers will lead a charge into a battle they know they will lose. Their sword raised high above their head running headlong into the fire. The idea of dying for the honor led to an early death for many soldiers.

7. It is an obligation (giri) to serve your country; when Saigo was asked to serve, he was actually congratulated but was rather upset internally. He obliged after learning that everyone had to let their sons and husbands go even though they didn't want to. Shimizu also was the one to answer questions about plans, mainly due to his brief studying in the military academy. He was thinking otherwise in his head, but said what was expected to avoid conflict.

8. Saigo buried Kuri after his suicide and swung at the Americans after he had seen Kuri's pistol in the belt of another American soldier. He was subdued and treated. Lieutenant Ito was on a suicide mission to die with honor, but after realizing it was a lost cause, he dropped the mines and surrendered to American forces, who treated him as well. Saigo, after seeing what the two Americans had done to Shimizu and the other one, lost hope in trying to become friends with the American side. Ito, however, viewed the Americans as the enemy, but after some time alone in a field of bodies, he turned himself in.

9. I think that the bushido (warriors spirit) was most prevalent. Although the higher officers and General Kuri thought more carefully, most of the soldiers threw themselves into battle on a death mission.

10. The most striking part of this film to me was when Shimizu was given water by the American soldiers, Being told that the enemy is cowardly, the act of treating your enemy was the most powerful act of courage and humility.

Ninety Centimeters or you Die

Blog #8 Hedataru to Najimu, Shudan Ishiki, Do Spirit, Haragei

     Hedataru relates almost directly to uchi and soto; an inside and an out. Hedataru is basically a separation from two separate entities or things, also being translated to relationships between two people. Hedataru seems to have a vibe of alienation to it while as the opposite, Najimu, means to become attached to one person. By doing this, friendships and also relationships are strengthened.

     Hedataru can be traced back to the ancient ages of the samurai where one would sit at a distance to not only show respect to his lord, but as a security measure for the safety of the lord. A saying "Sanjyaku sagatte shi no kage wo fumazu." can be translated to "Keep about ninety centimeters from one's master in order not to step on his shadow. It is a sign of respect in most. Women, on the other hand, have to walk behind their husband in order to show submissiveness and obedience. As time passes, the distance is eventually closed as trust is earned.

One thing I don't understand though is the act of gift giving through hedataru. If there is a separation, why is gift giving okay?

As most Japanese tend to work together in an aura of ambiguity, the consciousness of a group is extremely important. Through the use of social codes such as uchi and soto, chinmoku, and focusing on a certain harmony, group consciousness can be achieved. "If people carelessly and directly express what they really think, there is the probability of hurting the feelings of others, disrupting the group ambiance, or destroying harmonious relations". Japanese, I believe, have a distinct method of recognizing insiders and outsiders based on styles of communication, acceptance into a group, or distance. "Japanese are said to be poor at getting along with those who are soto.".

The Do Spirit is fairly difficult to understand due to it being more of a spiritual way of life rather than a literally defined act. Originating as an offspring from the Chinese Taoism beliefs, the "do" is the "way", or the actual way to be followed. This "way" is a behavioral code and meant to be pursued internally. Going back to Zen Buddhism, the Tao is present in all things and that it is unteachable due to it's otherworldly and conceptually complex content. However, this set of rules and codes can be a negative thing as it instills itself in people so thoroughly that they never change.

When someone has a "gut feeling" about something, it usually implies a certain sense that almost makes it seem like one can read the mind. Haragei is basically that feeling; the guessing of what other's are thinking and the ability to "read" one other's mind. But because of this constant need to guess and not ask, feelings are often hidden permanently, waiting to be guessed. "...haragei is used in business and politics as a deceitful means of communication in which people hide their real motives in order to gain power and advantage."

In regards to the discussion, I tend to think that Kane is showing giri by obeying what Magoza asks of her. He has taken care of her for sixteen years and must feel some sort of obligation to do what he asks. In regards the most recent readings, hedataru is likely seen. The separation of rooms, the giving of gifts (kimono), and Kane's infatuation with Magoza.

The Last Ronin Response

Blog #7

1. Bushido refers to not only the spirit of the samurai, but also the skills. I'd say that Magoza demonstrates this by his extreme devotion to his superior leader. The first example of this is when he runs through the entire estate, battling his way through many enemies, just to deliver a message. The fear of death was most certainly overcome. The second was when he accepts the duty to be the primary caregiver of Kane.

2. Self-sacrifice is an extremely empowering feat due to the sheer nature of giving someone else everything you have but expecting nothing in return. An obligation is usually when something causes you to return some sort of favor. For example, if you wash the salt off of my car, it is my obligation to make sure I do something in return. Magoza's willing to take care of Kane was an act of giri.

3. With bushido having ties to Zen Buddhism and an overall state of no-mind and to maintain a good name, giri seems to be vastly different from bushido in the sense that you have an obligation to maintain a good name versus wanting one just to be "pure".

4. The two scenes that I can vividly remember are when Kane leaves the courtyard after being asked who she was in love with. I believe she was handling vegetables? The other scene is when Kichiemon enters Magoza's house without knocking and Magoza returns with a weapon.

5. I see no contradictions, but rather conflicts. The two seem to be fairly secluded to each other and when they are together, it seems almost stressful and anxious, as if one is paying attention (Magoza) and the other is always almost ready to leave (Kane). For instance, asking for a kimono and when she was questioned about it she grabs it anyways and changes the subject.

6. I'd say that as time goes on, relationships in the household tend to be evening out. I mean, when I go home my mom still puts food on the table and enjoys the house and kitchen life but I feel that each gender kinda just does whatever they want. It is not the same in the workplace, however, as I believe men make $1.20 for every woman's dollar.

7. Magoza's wish to have the two be married may not have been his personal choice, but more or less the proper thing to do and to set up a proper family lineage of good fortune. It can be seen on Magoza's face that he doesn't necessarily believe in his choice, but he knows it must be done. I don't believe Kane's wish is ignored (See #8)

8. I think that Magoza has been hiding many things for many years. He initiated the sword fight to protect Kane, he asked for ten days before the marriage due to making sure his decision was right. I believe the movie will end with Magoza killing Kane and performing seppuku himself to maintain his samurai's integrity. He was supposed to die after all, right?

9. I think that bushido and the Ie system are the most apparent concepts. A lot of this film takes place indoors which feature the sliding paper. Bushido is prevalent due to the majority of the cast being samurai.

Discussion Response

Blog #6 - Reflection over Aoi Tori and Swing Girls

One issue that seems to be rather prevalent between these two movies is the idea of bullying. It appears more so in Aoi Tori, and focuses more on it's effects, but it can also be seen in Swing Girls. I think that there is less of a care for "telling somebody how it is", which contradicts the definition of aimai; which means to not speak your mind (the nail that sticks up gets hammered down). The example that best fits this from Swing Girls is when the teacher who was taking lessons was completely made fun of by the little boy who was also practicing. In Aoi Tori, the act of bullying is a much more powerful one; the act has already happened and the audience has to sit through the aftermath and the recovery.


I think there is an extreme fear of not fitting in with the group. Bullies usually have a group that stick up for each other because it is easier to feel included than excluded. Due to gamabari, the fear of failure and to not be accepted is sometimes so great that one will do anything to fit in. Noguchi's willing to have friends and the things he'd do (steal chips) was an act of gamabari. Going through middle school, I was slightly overweight. If I can remember correctly, I was called "fat fuck" on the daily. I tried to not let it get to me, but it instilled a ideal inside of me that being a little chubby was wrong, so I changed my eating habits. It eventually led to self-starvation and a loss of weight.

Although bullying may not be visible to anyone's eye off hand, it is always an internal struggle that is not always thought about.

The Spirit of the Samurai

Blog #4 Bushido, Giri, The Japanese Ie System, and Omiai.

The spirit of the samurai, or bushido, was an integral part of Feudal Japan. Out of a 4-class system, the samurai were ranked the highest, with the others being farmers, artisans, and tradesmen. The object of bushido refers to not only the skills of the samurai, but also the spirit; "a strong sense of personal honor, devotion to duty, and the courage, if required, to sacrifice one's life in battle or in ritual" (Page 42). One of the most important, if not most important aspects of bushido, is the application and reference to en Buddhism. The sense of enlightenment given by this way of thinking can be attributed to a feeling of mushin or "no-mind"; an unconsciousness that one is completely aware of, much like a lucid dream.

"The state of no-mind unites the body with the spirit" and by practicing this, the samurais were able to overcome their fear of death. Bushido was influenced mainly by Confucianism and the four principles which included humanism, faithfulness, respect for social norms, and wisdom. These four principles sound much like the idea of being modest and showing restraint internally. To one samurai, Yamamoto, "bushido means the determined will to die" and by believing in this, one must live admirably and honorably to maintain a glory and everlasting good name after death.

In modern times, the idea of bushido and the devotion to one's work led to eventual work-overload and can lead to death (karoshi).

Caring for others through the ways of self-sacrifice in order to repay a debt of gratitude is the idea of giri. Although there is no literal translation in English, this helps us understand it's concept. In today's world, returning something for goodwill is the equivalent. "If you receive a present from someone, you should return something which is of equal value" (Page 97).

As mentioned in a previous blog post, the Japanese Ie system is a rather traditional way of home life;

a) a building that is used as a residence
b) a family or hosuehold
c) a groupd that consists fo a family according to the old Japanese civil code
d) the family line that descends frmo one's ancestors and will continue to in the future.

Based on the Ie system, the head of the household was given "privileged treatment and was normally served by other family members". The (his) meals were richer, was welcomed when he came home, and the seat had to be higher at the table. Basically, the woman's position was much lower than that of the man, because it was believed that women were inferior to men. They were also the sole proprietors to bearing children.

Arranged marriages is no foreign concept to anyone, however, it seems to be more of a traditional way of keeping a lifelong partner. Since the ie system was very centralized to one controlling household male, the decisions for the children were usually made by him. Because the ie system was so prevalent in the Japanese way of life, the way of omiai is still followed to this day, because it seems to be fairly successful.

Listening Earnestly to Earnest Words is Only Proper

“ Although the Japanese may not be conscious of aimai, its use is regarded as a virtue in Japan…” (p.9). In the film, find the scene that you think that aimai is regarded as a virtue and explain why you think so.

-- One of the scenes that I thought that regarded aimai as a virtue was towards the end when Murauchi spoke to Sonobe about responsibility. It wasn't so much of a putting-him-in-his-place situation, but more of less of a group understanding and acceptance of one's actions.




Considering Aimai, ambiguity is a big part of bullying in Japan and the film. Describe the scenes of them and explain why you think so.

-- The scene that jumps out to me the most is when the classmates (who were all guilty of bullying Noguchi) mentioned that Noguchi laughed along with them and joked, but on the inside, it really hurt.



What are the differences between bullying in Japan and US? What kinds of American characteristics would cause the kinds of bullying in the US?

-- I think that bullying is the same no matter where you go. I'd say it's more popular within the younger generations; I was bullied in middle school for being overweight, believe it or not. Did it change the way I thought about things? Of course it did. I just wanted to fit in, quite literally, really.



Considering Uchi to Soto, what kinds of concepts of Uchi to Soto are Noguchi’ bullying caused? What kinds of characteristics make the other students bully?

-- Due to Noguchi's extroverted personality, it could be presumed that he was taken advantage of for the sake of joking around.



Considering Danjyo Kankei, the textbook mentioned roles of male and female in Japan. What kinds of relationships exist between male and female in the classroom.

-- I think that the female classmates seem to be a little more subdued than normal. Other than that, I didn't see too many differences when it came to bullying. The girls bullied the one girl about her e-mail (?) and the boys bullied Noguchi.



What did reflection papers differ for students from the first paper and the second paper?

-- The length. However, at the end of the movie, Murauchi gives no minimum requirement. They were writing it for themselves and not for the school.



Considering Chinmoku, what affect do you think the stuttering teacher had on the students?

-- The pauses between sentences and the impact of his words helped reinforce what the poster said, "Please be considerate of others." I have a feeling we all knew as viewers that Murauchi was bullied for his stuttering.



MOVIE---Who is the 3rd person that Noguchi wrote in his will?

-- Everyone else.



MOVIE---What is bullying? What did the stuttering teacher, Murauchi-sensei tell to Sonobe?

-- Bullying is hurting others to hurt them. It is not a disliking of someone, but more or less the will to cause another person pain on purpose.


What did you think about the film? Have you had similar experiences? Share anything that you thought about this film.

-- It was a tear jerker, that's for sure. I won't lie, the aspect of bullying is something I have known before and to see the effect on a student (albeit it is just a movie) is quite powerful.

Swing Girls Response Questions

1. What scene in the movie demonstrated the concept of gamabari?


Having only reviewed the movie once, some of the scenes are still slightly fuzzy. One of the scenes that comes to mind is the one in which the girls try to get instruments to play on. This results in selling a video gaming system/TV/Computer to a pawn shop to be able to afford a saxophone. However, they all decide to get jobs in order to pay for instruments. Another scene that could possibly demonstrate gamabari would be the intense scenes of practicing. The cymbal player did not give up, but pursued the idea of creating a big band ensemble.


2. Do you consider Naomi as a gamabari in terms of losing weight using the muscle stimulator?

Not really, no. I understood gamabari as working so hard that it is unhealthy. I believe that her use of the stimulator was more or less a joke about gamabari. Like a, "I can say I'm working out but I'm really not" kind of thing.

3. Least and most kenkyo?

I'd say that the senior baseball player had the least kenkyo. Due to his arrogance on the field and his "there are two types of people in this world" motto, he ultimately failed his team by striking out. I'd say the person who practiced the idea of kenkyo the most would be the shy trombone player (blanking on her name). Her politeness and timidness eventually helped the band tune their cold instruments at the end. There are two types of people in this world; those who are modest and those who are not.

4. Although the band was honestly having fun discovering their new found talents and love of brass instruments, when the original players came back to reclaim their spots, she played it off as never been interested in the first place. I believe she lied because the norms of society would push this reaction; never being interested in order to show their dislike for brass, but in reality, they enjoyed it all along due to an interior intention/motive.


5. Gamabari seems to always be a constant. To work hard and enjoy it or to work hard and not enjoy it. I think once a passion is finally discovered (in this instance, big band jazz), they will pursue it until they are experts.

6. I think I would end this movie with a romantic comedy twist. Without the working drive behind the band, they will all fail and end up falling in love with each other. The guitar players and the junkyard guys, the math professor and conductor, and the piano player and saxophone player.

7. I'd say that amae is present between students and teachers from the beginning of the movie. For example, the math teacher allows the students to take the movies to the band and by doing so, the band got sick. Because the band was sick, they all felt inclined to help them out and replace them. It seems to be a sense of obligation or guilt.

8. I think the concept I'm having the most difficulty in understanding is amae. Is it an obligation to do good things? Is it a guilty feeling? Inner and outer circles? The only thing I can compare it to is the saying "treat others how you'd like to be treated".

Take it Easy; Don't Gamabari

Blog #3 Gamabari, Kenkyo, Amae, and Honne to Tatemae.

The work ethic in America always seems to factor in a break of some sorts. When I worked at Target, I was given two fifteen minute breaks and a half an hour lunch. At Starbucks I get one ten minute break and one half an hour (shifts over 6 hours). However, the idea of gamabari seems to be the direct opposite. "The Japanese are often said to be diligent, sometimes to the point of being workaholic" (Page 83). The term gamabari means more or less to work diligently and to do your best and to hang on. This can lead to negative effects, though, as the quote "all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy" is an American saying which basically means to take a break and gather energy to finish your work.

In Japan, the equivalent opposite is "The monk who does not work should not eat", which means if you don't put the work in, you shouldn't reap any rewards or benefits. Free time is a concept widely known upon American culture, mainly in college students who require free time to recuperate after an exam or several blog writings. The Japanese on the other hand "tend to think that having free time is wasteful, even shameful, and feel uneasy" (Page 85). In our American culture, we are diligent, but to a certain degree. A recent trend, named karoshi, or literally worked to death, results from gamabari.


Being humble and showing humility is something I always pride myself on. It builds respectful character and helps one to keep on going. The saying, "The nail that sticks up gets hammered down" is a prime example of showing modesty; "it is desirable to be modest and polite,even when one is more mature, experienced, and refined than others (Page 143). 

Amaeru (from amae), means to depend and presume upon another's benevolence. Depending on another's will to do good, in other words. Due to this, the sense of guilt in the Japanese way of life is much less, due to looking to others to do well. Lead by example.

Honne to Tatemae is relative to the uchi/soto concept in terms of an inner and outward expression of one's beliefs. Honne is an inner motivation and intention while tatemae entertains the motivations and intentions that are molded and shaped by the majority norms. Honne could be compared to one's intuition or "gut feeling", but the Japanese tend to follow the tatemae way due to the need and desire to maintain the ie and a quarrel-free lifestyle. 

Some Chinmoku Would Be Nice

Blog #1 Aimai, Uchi/Soto, Chinmoku, and Danjyo Kankei.

The concept of aimai, or in other words, a certain "ambiguity", is a staple in Japanese culture. It can be defined as somewhat of a common understanding between people; a communicative element, if you will. In our American culture, we are used to saying what is on our mind; freedom of speech. This can be extrapolated upon in the sense of saying what you want to say when you want without the regards of others which can lead to heated disagreements, debates, and fights. However, in the culture of the Japanese, it seems to be that the only way to maintain a harmony and unity among people was to incorporate and adopt aimai. "They [The Japanese] like and value aimai because they think that it is unnecesary to speak clearly as long as their partner is knowledgeable. To express oneself distinctly carries the assumption that one's partner knows nothing" (p. 11). To be honest, I understand the concept, but I'm sure it would be somewhat strange to me. Their idea of aimai is not about creating awkward situations, but to just show the utmost respect. "...a form of unity [in] which all people aim for the same goal [is] most important for the group and is strictly enforced. This strong group consciousness brings about a feeling of 'in and out'."

Uchi to Soto, or as stated above "in and out", is the custom of keeping a private but open relationship among the community. For instance, as stated on page 218 of "The Japanese Mind", houses are extremely isolated units surrounded by high fences and walls to maintain privacy. However, inside of the house, sliding doors made of paper create the sensation of un-privacy, in order to create a higher family bond. But then again, there is still a distinct separation of inside (uchi) and outside (soto). One of the more important aspects of the uchi to soto relationship is the idea of Ie, or "house". Three characteristics of the ie system helped to inform uchi/soto;

-male dominated
-head of the household was responsible for salaries
-the household was more important than the individuals

In our culture, privacy almost always requires either a bathroom or an island with no one around. Countless developments with houses a foot away from each other pop up constantly and the idea of privacy is much different.

Privacy coincides with silence almost hand in hand. Chinmoku or silence, in Japanese culture, is not a means of disrespect or emptiness/non-intelligence. I'd like to first start with a couple of quotes:

"Thus a man of few words is trusted more than a man of many words."

"The nail that sticks out will be hammered down".

Silence seems to have originated through the idea of "meditation, quietude, and emptying one's mind", based off of Zen Buddhism; "designed to teach that truth cannot be described verbally, but can exist only in silence". Going back to aimai, chinmoku is an important part of keeping things running smoothly during communication. By incorporating silence into conversation, it is a means of showing thought and hesitation before blurting out something ridiculous. "Japanese silence occurs not only in public but also in private interactions, particularly in conjugal relationships, because the couple are in love but too embarrassed to express their feelings in speech."

Danjyo Kankei... not sure exactly what it translates to, but I do know that it has to deal with interactions between males and females within Japanese culture. As mentioned by the Ie, the household is a male-dominated ideal. Even in schooling, the female population received an education in becoming good wives and wise mothers.

"At this time, if women had sexual relations with men other than their husbands, they were punished severely, while men were openly allowed to keep mistresses in order to have sons and maintain the ie system." Growing up in more or less a monogamous culture, the idea of being able to sleep around just to maintain an ideal seems strange. One could question morality here. Women seemed to be more or less objectified to the male population, used exclusively for breeding and/or maintaining the ie. However, more women are getting a higher education and don't need to rely on the finances of a husband. This is resulting in more singular women who can support themselves, a lower birthrate, and a higher average age for first marriages.